UW-Madison: New computer chip manufacturing method

Contact: Zhenqiang (Jack) Ma, 608-261-1095, mazq@engr.wisc.edu; Paul Nealey, 773-702-9143, nealey@uchicago.edu

Madison – Computer chip makers continuously strive to pack more transistors in less space, yet as the size of those transistors approaches the atomic scale, there are physical limits on how small they are able to make the patterns for the circuitry.

Now, taking advantage of a germanium wafer coated with a layer of virtually pristine graphene – a sheet of carbon arranged just one atom thick – a team of engineers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Chicago has devised a simpler, reproducible and less expensive manufacturing approach using directed self-assembly.

Directed self-assembly is a large-scale, nano-patterning technique that can increase the density of circuit patterns and circumvent some limitations of conventional lithographic processes for printing circuits on wafers of semiconductors such as silicon.

Electrical engineer Zhenqiang “Jack” Ma and materials engineer Michael Arnold of UW-Madison, chemical engineer Paul Nealey of the University of Chicago, and their students published details of the advance in the Aug. 16 edition of the journal Scientific Reports.

Their work could mean a boost in functionality for semiconductor electronics and in capacity for data storage.

To achieve the incredibly tiny size required for the circuitry in future semiconductor electronics, manufacturers are developing directed self-assembly, which enables the fabrication of intricate, perfectly ordered polymer patterns for circuitry.

For directed self-assembly, the researchers use conventional chemical techniques to define a pre-pattern. When chains of molecules known as block copolymers self-assemble on the pre-pattern, they follow the pattern to form well-ordered features.

The researchers’ new method is much faster, and reduces the number of steps in the process to just two: lithography and plasma etching.

In the first demonstration of their technique, the researchers used electron beam lithography and a mild plasma etching technique to pattern one-atom-thick graphene stripes on a germanium wafer. Then they spin-coated the wafer with a common block copolymer called polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate).

When heated, the block copolymer self-assembled completely in just 10 minutes – compared to 30 minutes using conventional chemical patterns – and with fewer defects. The researchers attribute this rapid assembly to the smooth, rigid, crystalline surfaces of germanium and graphene.

Their new method takes advantage of a phenomenon called density multiplication. The researchers used electron beam lithography to first create a larger master template with sparse patterns that guide the orientation of their block copolymers.